Slope of road shoulder. May allow use of lower-quality, less costly on-site .
Slope of road shoulder 2: Road Shoulders and Embankments The mitigation objective of this Fact Sheet is to protect the roadway by stabilizing the road shoulder or the road embankment to reduce the likelihood of damage from erosion and scour during or after a flood. Inspecting the road after unusually heavy rains and at least once a year is a good practice. Determination of the width of the recovery area at the toe of slope should consider right-of-way availability, environmental concerns, economic factors, safety needs, and crash histories. Aug 25, 2023 · The key item is to add a Safety Edge SM device per manufacturer's instructions to create the Safety EdgeS SM While paving, the device needs to be monitored and periodically adjusted to keep the bottom edge of the device in contact with the road shoulder surface. When maintaining the crushed aggregate shoulder, the typical slope of 4% should be maintained unless it was designed otherwise as on the super-elevation of highway curves. The following summarizes typical guidelines for shoulder cross slopes: d collector-distributor road shoulders. Asphalt Cross slope, cross fall or camber is a geometric feature of pavement surfaces: the transverse slope with respect to the horizon. Based on the example given in the project file at chainage 350, the carriageway rate is 6% and the shoulder width is 3. The shoulder area and the ditch of many gravel roads may be minimal. Maintenance of the crushed aggregate shoulder includes grading, replacement of lost material and control of the erosion. Due consideration should be given to the motoring and non-motoring users in designing the cross section. Sep 30, 2006 · Issues include additional exposure for road maintenance crews to repair eroded Shoulder Backing and use of unconventional construction practices to build Shoulder Backing on steep slopes. Cross slope of pavement and road shoulder, 2. Divide the roadway into segments with Oct 22, 2012 · 1. Recovery of high-speed vehicles that encroach beyond the edge of the shoulder may be expected to occur beyond the toe of slope. Moreover, expert opinion survey has been conducted by giving rank from 1 to 10 based on the effectiveness of pavement shoulder on a road. Side ditch, 3. Base course; 5. In-sloping is haping the road to drain toward the cut-bank with a ditch. How can it be applied in MiTS? A complete analysis of all AASHTO controlling design elements for the existing facility is available in the Initial AASHTO Controlling Design Criteria Report (March 2010). The slope from the far edge of shoulder to the ditch point is commonly known as the front slope in a cut section. 5 Lateral Clearance Figure 3 shows the shoulder detail for a flexible pavement project with a stabilized crushed aggregate shoulder (Ohio Project 36(1955) now under construction). The color of a Superelevation Lane at a given location represents the Cross-Slope value. Foreslope: An embankment slope or the portion of a cut section sloping down and away from the roadway toward the toe of slope or ditch bottom. The cross slope of a shoulder depends on the type of shoulder and the construction project type. to prevent Due to surface water absorption materials, A may minimum permit lower cross slope AASHTO design on design guides provides cross of 1. However, in sag vertical curves in tangent horizontal alignments with narrow shoulder widths or where inlet spacing becomes excessive, the shoulder cross slope should be steepened up to 1% greater than the adjacent lane cross slope to a normal roadways cross slope unidirectional to 2 percent. Nobody wants a wading pool on the side of the road! Drainage Features Drainage features aren’t just for keeping water out of your shoes; they’re vital for paved shoulders. This frequently occurs at a culvert or bridge abut ment located at the bottom of the hill. It shows that the location is a susceptible-part to scouring. Side ditches typically are triangular in cross section and dimensioned in accordance with appropriate design standards. There are several geometric features involved; namely, the shoulder width, continuity, dis tinctiveness as compared with pavement and outer areas, direction and amount of cross slope, inclusion of curbs and drainage inlets, outer edge rounding, and the slopes be yond. 2 Pavement Policy The Georgia Department of Transportation, GDOT, currently uses the AASHTO Interim Guide for design for Pavement Structures, 1972, Chapter III Revised, 1981. Proper shoulder drainage must be maintained and the shoulder must have a uniform plane or surface for use of errant vehicles. 7% to 2% (1 in 60 to 1 in 50) according to heavy and light rainfall areas Mar 3, 2023 · 231. A gentle slope encourages water to drain rather than pool. Mar 7, 2014 · Index 831. It ensures vehicle safety and helps in road maintenance. Ideally, a cross-slope of 2% to 4% helps keep your shoulder dry. In India, as per the rules and guidelines of Indian Road Congress (IRC) recommended, ideal and standard values of camber or slope of road for national and state highway Bituminous/ cement concrete Road or pavement is varies between 1. B Shoulder Cross Slopes The cross slope of the shoulder is based upon the functional classification of the roadway and the type of shoulder construction (paved or turf). Jul 9, 2024 · The components of the road surface drainage system consist of: 1. Normal Shoulder Cross Slope All shoulders should slope away from the roadway, except in a limited number of situations. Refer to Section 1C-1 for the acceptable ranges of and Jul 2, 2002 · The shoulder break is the intersection of the shoulder slope and the embankment slope or ditch slope plane. Label the sidewalk width and its cross-slope of 1⁄4 inch per foot directed towards the road. ifferent definition in Vehicle and Traffic mmodation of stopped vehicles for emergency use. Lawn shoulder type should only be collected to a maximum of 12 feet, if it is safely traversable and on a slope that is 1v:4h or flatter. or crowned separately. Current maintenance procedures for granular shoulders in Iowa typically involve shoulder regrading, placing additional material, and recompaction. The surface condition of dirt and gravel roads can change rapidly. Cross slope is provided to provide a drainage gradient so that water will run off the surface to a drainage system such as a street gutter In order to maintain a gravel road prop-erly, operators must clearly understand the need for three basic items: a crowned driving surface, a shoulder area that slopes directly away from the edge of the driving surface, and a ditch. The subgrade should be iniformly compacted and graded to the shoulder side-slopes with sufficient lateral slope to provide satisfactory drainage. 2 m) adjacent to a road edge or Explore a searchable database of US construction and building code. Sufficient cross slope is needed for ade-quate drainage, but too great a slope adversely affects vehicle operation. Explore the expertise of civil engineers in designing resilient roadways for optimal mobility and safety. Oct 14, 2022 · What is Camber in Road Camber is a slope provided on the road surface in the transverse direction to drain out the rain water from surface to avoid skid of vehicles and pavement damages. Jan 28, 2019 · Road Assessment Once the road is installed, routine inspection and maintenance should be performed to maintain the road. 4. Since vehicles can be expected to go farther from the roadway when they leave on the outside of a curve, there is a higher probability of encroaching on this steeper slope. The cross slope of the shoulder may be steepened to maximize curb height and minimize other related impacts. cross slope slope rates rates need on to tangent be used sections for unpaved are needed roadways. Culverts, 4. 12. According to [2], the standard width of the road shoulder is 1 5 m, although this width can be reduced to 1. Proper design and maintenance of the road shoulder are vital for ensuring the safety and functionality of roads. 3C). shoulders Minimum to be accommodated. Regardless of The maximum algebraic difference in cross slope between same direction traffic lanes of divided highway roadbeds should be 4 percent. The degree of the side slope is typically measured in percent or Cross section of a road. There were also drainage concerns as the cross slope for a paved shoulder is typically six percent but when the shoulders are installed for pedestrian use, the allowed cross slope is two percent. Fill slope rounding is less important because time will eventually accomplish fill slope rounding naturally, however include the fill slope rounding detail unless it is not required. The 4-ft wide stabilized shoulder has 6 in. This article discusses what a shoulder of the road is Feb 2, 1990 · The shoulder cross-slope should be at least 1 percent more than the mainline pavement cross-slope on tangent sections to facilitate drainage but should not be so steep as to preclude the use of the shoulder as a temporary travel lane during future construction. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Cross Slope Break - Algebraic difference in rate of adjacent lane cross slopes having slopes in same direction (eg. The slope criterion depend upon the functional classification, fill height, urban or rural location, project scope of work, and the presence of curbs. Unraveling the Mysteries of Road Shoulders: A Comprehensive Guide • Embark on a journey to comprehend the true essence of road shoulders in this comprehensive guide. ) P vides lateral support for traveled way courses. The driving surface grade should be about 2% if paved, and about 4% if gravel. increased Greater into the cross road surface. Stabilizes infill material and controls shearing, lateral and vertical movement. Shoulder breaks are discussed in HDM Section 3. The slope in the cross section view of the shoulders, expressed as a percent or ratio. 5 meter. With justification, shoulder slopes may be increased to 6%. A maximum rollover from the pavement to shoulder is 6% for super elevated sections. Depending on the traffic level, a layer of separation geotextile on top of the clay embankment may Dec 7, 2016 · Introduction The cross section of a roadway is composed of several distinct parts. Front slopes shall be in accordance with Section 1-2A, Figure F-1 in this chapter. Gradation is the amount and… However, in sag vertical curves in tangent horizontal alignments with narrow shoulder widths or where inlet spacing becomes excessive, the shoulder cross slope should be steepened up to 1% greater than the adjacent lane cross slope to increase the hydraulic carrying capacity of the shoulders. Jul 17, 2020 · (i) For the safety of commuters horizontal clearance between the start point of slope of drain and the outer edge of the paved shoulder in the form of unpaved / earthen shoulder/ verge / clear space should be provided. . For paved shoulders less than or equal to 4 feet, the cross slope should match the adjacent travel lane slope. Shoulders may be paved (with concrete or asphalt) or unpaved (with aggregate or soil). The desired minimum width is dependent upon The grade of the approach must be consistent with the slope of the existing shoulder of the through road. Normal crown roadway sections need to have a 1 inch per foot cross-slope on the shoulder. See the roadside terrain diagram below. The width and configuration of Superelevation Lanes are established by the Pivot Point and Rotation Point. The foreslope in a cut section also begins at the top Feb 21, 2025 · A road shoulder is the portion of the road adjacent to the main carriageway, designed for emergency stops, pedestrian movement, and structural support. Camber Camber or cant is the cross slope provided to raise middle of Philippine National Standard for concrete farm-to-market roads: design, construction, and maintenance. The cross-slope is the slope of the pavement towards the roadside. 8 m and left side = 1. The calculation of ratio and the end elevation of each high and low side are as below: High Side: Ratio = Same as superelevation A fill slope is the slope extending outward and downward from the edge of the shoulder to intersect the natural ground line. Note that grinding can cause issues with meeting ADA criteria at curb ramps for counter slope and crosswalk running slope. Apr 10, 2018 · Clear Zone and Horizontal Clearance What is the definition of clear zone? The Roadside Design Guide defines a clear zone as the total roadside border area, starting at the edge of the traveled way, available for safe use by errant vehicles. Nov 2, 2023 · Learn About Paved shoulder roads in enhancing road safety, improving urban infrastructure, and promoting sustainable transportation. 1 General The major cross section elements considered in the design of streets and highways include the pavement surface type, cross slope, lane widths, shoulders, roadside or border, curbs, sidewalks, driveways, and medians. If the shoulder is erodable, the water erodes a small channel usually along the edge of the pavement and when sufficient water accumulates, it breaks over the edge of the f i l l slope and erodes a gully down the slope. You should also have 0. 2. , between thru lanes or thru and auxiliary lanes). The maximum difference in cross slope between the traveled way and the shoulder should not exceed 8 percent. The road shoulder may be located on an embankment, where the embankment is also a structural support, in some cases supporting land next to a river or stream or supporting other raised land with a natural, stable slope. 7 m outside the edge of the paved shoulder. 5% (Figure 5-03b). The shoulder slope is determined by the yellow arrow in attached image (or number 1 according to your image). 0 m minimum. 6 m. Oct 11, 2018 · The limits of graded shoulders are from the edge of traveled way to the intersection of the shoulder slope and foreslopes. All other shoulder types are to be collected according to their physical attributes. 0 m in cuttings next to wide depression . Appendix A contains the I-40 mainline evaluation from that report, including horizontal and vertical data summaries and bridge evaluation forms. 2. Cross slope of shoulder should be 0. May 1, 2025 · The shoulder of the road is an often-overlooked but crucial component of roadway design. 1 - Basic Concepts Roadway drainage involves the collection, conveyance, removal, and disposal of surface water runoff from the traveled way, shoulders, sidewalks, and adjoining areas defined in Index 62. Study Farm to Market Road flashcards from Shierwin Deang's Bataan peninsula state university class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. 5% more than cross slope of adjoining pavement, having minimum value of 3% & maximum value of 5%. For good shoulder performance, the first need in construction is a firm foundation on which to place the shoulder pavement. For surfacing, refer to Shoulder Mar 19, 2021 · If you're referring to the embankment slope next to the road, it's normally 1:2 or flatter. Gutter; 2. The ditch carries the water to a natural outlet. Many Apr 19, 2024 · I might add, the daylight slope belonging to the shoulder is set to 4:1. Sep 19, 2008 · 5. 2 Roadside Ditches Side ditches are provided in cut sections to remove runoff from cut slopes, pavement, and adjacent areas draining into the highway right-of-way. This process typically includes the removal of damaged or eroded materials, regrading for proper slope and runoff, and replacing or reinforcing the shoulder with suitable materials such as granular fill, asphalt, or concrete 4% maximum slope of road shoulder shall be ____ (PAES 421:2009) 2 meters (carriageway width) 0. 5 percent and to keep the runoff On sections with curb and gutter, the shoulder includes the gutter. (Also, prefe d location for bicycle traffic using roadway. In cases wherein roadway construction is limited such as in mountainous areas, the road shoulder width may be reduced to _______. In addition, good drai-nage minimizes moisture penetration at the pave-ment/shoulder joint thus increasing stability and ensuring the mainline pavement will meet its pro-jected service and design life. 1. Jul 18, 2025 · If the bridge shoulder cross slope is different than the approach roadway shoulder cross slope, then the shoulder cross slope shall be transitioned on the roadway section, off the bridge and approach slabs, within a distance of 100 feet. The vehicle will be better able to do both of these things if the shoulder is wide enough and if the vehicle tyres are able to grip the surface of the shoulder. 6 m or more between the roadway edge and the top of bank, just to help prevent people from sliding off. For paved shoulders greater than 4 feet, provide a shoulder cross slope of 4. Sidewalk. 2 m clearance beyond the outside of shoulders to bridge piers or abutments. It is a very important safety factor. An individual Superelevation Lane element represents a portion of the road to be superelevated. This area may consist of a shoulder, a recoverable slope, a non-recoverable slope, and/or a clear run-out area. compacted thickness and a slope of 1 in. Although the data collected and the relationships determined from this test are for a limited scope of test conditions Oct 29, 2024 · When Paved shoulder superelevation type and/or Unpaved shoulder superelevation type are set to User defined, the slopes of the paved and Unpaved portion of the shoulder are controlled by the inputs for the Paved shoulder slope and/or Unpaved shoulder slope parameters, unless a parameter reference is set for those two values. Different factors which affect the performance of the shoulder, are identified viz. This is particularly true in regions with very narrow or confined right-of-ways. Shoulder; 3. May 9, 2025 · Road shoulder rebuilding involves the restoration or reconstruction of the edges of a roadway to ensure structural support, drainage efficiency, and overall safety. This applies to new construction as well as pavement overlay projects. They are: the median (for divided roadways) the lane the shoulder the inslope the roadside ditch the backslope and the clear zone the bridge When the selection of widths, slopes and grades for these elements are combined with the function, service level, traffic and anticipated posted speed of the roadway, the Jun 22, 2025 · And the shoulder slope is the "outside slope shoulder" S2 (see picture below). To accommodate bicyclists and pedestrian use of the shoulder, provide a minimum width of 4 ft (1. ADT less than 400. A loss of side Minimum width of shoulder required for a highway is 2. Increases the effective structural number, cutting fill requirements and costs in half. The portion of a street or highway right-of-way, beyond the curb or edge of roadway pavement, which is intended for use by pedestrians. The shoulder slope should be determined by if it can't reach the Slope plays its part too. This width is equal to the graded shoulder for sideslopes of 1V:4H or flatter. See Tables 2. Feb 1, 2013 · When such a determination is made, the New York policy states the reasons should be fully documented in the Project Scoping Report/Design Report. While the flatter slopes outside of the shoulder facilitate recovery, if a vehicle goes past the slope break, it will probably go to the bottom of the slope. Road shoulders provide side support to the traveled section of the roadway and prevent the road edge from washing out. This guide is based on the results of the AASHTO Road Test, which was completed in the 1960's. narrow width, insufficient slope, bush covered area, shoulder depression, edge drop and improper compaction. Where ramps pass under structures, there should be an additional 1. 1 Introduction A shoulder is the portion of the roadway contiguous to the traveled way that accommodates stopped vehicles, emergency use, and provides lateral support of the subbase, base and pavement. If erosion, rutting, or settlements are extensive, the shoulders should be reshaped by blading and a slope of one-half inch per foot from the pavement edge, obtained. On straights the 2. Crown describes the side to side, or the cross-sectional shape of a road surface. The shoulder cross slope should be sufficient to rapidly drain water or snow melt away from the pavement surface, but not cause adverse effects to vehicle operation. Storm water flows off the pavement, across the shoulder and fore slope, and into the ditch section. Cross Slope – Transverse slope rate of traveled lane or shoulder. The 7 basic cross sectional elements of a highway pavement are Camber Width of Carriage way Kerb Road Margin Width of Formation Right of Way (ROW) 1. 1 Road Surface Shaping ated centerline and continuous fall towards the shoulders. 1250. 5% is suggested for curbed pavements. Learn faster with spaced repetition. It is typically 0. Label the shoulder width and its cross-slope. On the high side of a roadway with a plane section, such as a turning roadway in superelevation, the shoulder may slope in the opposite direction from the adjacent lane. Code regulations are consolidated by state and city for easier navigation. 3, thus restricting the value to 4. "Conversely, if the same slope is greater than 5% or less than -5%, then, the shoulder should be created with its normal slope (4:1) without sticking its edge to the terrain. California Department of Transportation | Caltrans Scour depths resulting in 25% longitudinal slope is around twice deeper than these in 0% longitudinal slope. per ft. The daylight slope (or another word for it?) that I want to reach the existing ground is a separate subassembly from the shoulder subassembly. Slopes to accomplish this effectively without creating hazards 44 for the driver coming onto the shoulder, are factors of concern. In most cases, the shoulder cross slope should be the same as the cross slope of the adjacent travel lanes. Shoulder Slope. Total shoulder widths, paved shoulder widths, and widths of paved shoulder separations between through pavement edge and the near edge of any shoulder gutter are given for both right (outside and left (inside) edges of the roadway. Discover their purpose Superelevation Lane Elements: Superelevation Lane elements are shown as color-graded lanes. A sealed road surface provides the best grip Sep 8, 2015 · Cross Sectional Elements of A Pavement The characteristics of cross-sectional elements are important in highway geometric design because they influence the safety and comfort. Shoulder and Ditch Sections Shoulder and ditch sections are the norm for open drainage projects. The shoulders are divided into two categories, High Side and Low Side, as in the image below. Typically, shoulder cross slopes for rural roadways are 4% for surfaced shoulders and 6% for turf shoulders. Apr 18, 2025 · Introduction In road superelevation, shoulder slope treatment involves the modification of the shoulder's gradient, aimed to enhance the vehicles' maneuvering, and ensure proper drainage along the curves. Jan 9, 2023 · Camber or cross slope is 2 to 3 percent depending on the type of road, rainfall intensity etc. The foreslope in a fill section begins at the top outside edge of the surfaced shoulder and includes the combination of surfacing taper and barn roof slope to the clear zone or existing terrain. The depth may be varied to keep a desirable minimum longitudinal slope of 0. Paved shoulders that are 1 foot or less are not considered shoulders, because they are incidental since they exist primarily due to Explore a searchable database of US construction and building code. A roadside shoulder refers to the level shelf of aggregate (or other pavement surface) separating the road from the ditch or grade adjacent to it. paved shoulder preferred) A of shoulder ft should a minimum 4 of on feet wide the needs of a shoulder within the median for arterials. May 12, 2025 · Explore all parts of a roadway including shoulders, medians, pavement layers, and drainage systems used in highway design and construction. It serves as a safety feature, providing space for vehicles to pull over, pedestrians to walk, and emergency services to access the road. The scour depth in border between the paved road lane and the unpaved road shoulder is deeper than other part of the shoulder. Roadway drainage is also concerned with the handling of water from the following additional sources: Surface water from outside the right of way and Similar considerations sometimes enter in the design from the stand point of surface drainage or the shoulder cross sections. The usable shoulder width is the actual shoulder for parking and emergencies. 301. When the May 2, 2024 · Introduction to Slope Dynamics in Road Safety The slope of a shoulder edge wedge is critical in ensuring road safety and stability. Unless stated otherwise, the term ‘should Fact Sheet 1. 00 percent. Slope Offset. On four-lane divided highways, the cross slope on the median shoulder in tangent sections is controlled by the cross-over crown restrictions in Section 5. 1. May allow use of lower-quality, less costly on-site Jan 15, 2025 · area. Out-sloping is shaping the road to dr n to the fill-slope side allowing sheet flow off the road. Heavy rains and traffic accelerate changes to the surface characteristics. Shoulder edges shall not be cut down or the shoulder width decreased to obtain any additional soil. With a raised, narrow median, the median shoulder normally should slope in the same direction as the traffic lanes -- but consideration should be given to sloping the median shoulder toward the median and providing inlets and underground drainage to alleviate problems with snow and ice. The material used for a road berm or shoulder (sometimes called screenings, berm, or 'superberm') is typically a crushed limestone aggregate with a particular gradation. arterials. ccording Mar 23, 2017 · This provides a cross slope, whose road cross section can be either curved or plane or a combination of the two. However, where the shoulder consists of full depth pavement and is sealed, its slope may be the same as the adjacent pavement in order to facilitate construction. The minimum road shoulder width requirement for one-lane and two-lane roadway is summarized in Table 1. Jul 10, 2020 · Fertilizing, reseeding, and spot or strip sodding may also be desirable. The type of shoulder has bearing on the cross slope. Road Section-Portion of highway included between top of slope in cut and bottom of slope in fill. If the pavement is not drained via the road shoulders, they must be designed with a cross slope of 6%. Obviously the shoulder should slope in a way that will conduct water away from the pavement. 02(2) Shoulders Shoulder cross slopes are normally the same as the cross slopes for adjacent lanes. Camber is again one of the most important element of a road pavement which have lot’s of advantages for longer durability of road surface. Shoulder surfacing provides better all-weather load support versus Right side = greater of shoulder width or 1. Shoulder Crossfalls - Cross-section - Austroads: Guide to Road Design Part 3 Geometric DesignShoulders generally should be steeper than the adjacent traffic lanes to assist surface drainage (marginal increase of 1%). SHOULDER SLOPE EQUALS THE RATE OF SUPERELEVATION OR THE NORMAL SHOULDER SLOPE WHICHEVER IS GREATER SHOULDER A. Nov 29, 2022 · The shoulder rate follows the carriageway slope rate regardless of the shoulder slope rate. This article describes only the geometric aspects of shoulders. Typically road segments are either center-crowned, in-sloped, or out-sloped. It shall be filled with borrow and compacted to_____ density, as certified by accredited laboratory. An optimal slope allows for a smooth transition for vehicles moving off and onto the main carriageway, reducing the risk of accidents. 1(7) as comprising the roadway. The slope provided to road surface in the traverse direction to drain off rainwater from road surface is called cross-slopes. 3 For concrete road the maximum slope of road shoulder shall be ___ from the edge of the road carriageway. Jul 1, 2020 · Where the combined distance for HW and side slope will exceed 5 feet in order to comply with the slope requirement specified in this document, side slope reconstruction is recommended in lieu of shoulder backing (See Figure 672. If the location of the ramp intersection at the crossroad is relatively near the main facility, a continuous slope between the upper roadway shoulder and the lower roadway ditch will provide the best and most pleasing design. According to [5], road shoulders have a transverse slope of 12% to the outside. Clear Paved Shoulder Area Any amount of clear paved shoulder width can benefit pedestrians and bicyclists, however, to be fully functional for their use, the paved shoulder area should be wide enough to accommodate the horizontal operating envelope of these users. Crown & Cross-Slope CROWN AND CROSS-SLOPE – This bulletin illustrates basic methods to drain water from the road surface using three (3) different surface templates. When there are multiple Typical Section sheets in a Plan set, only show the cut and fill slope rounding on the first page. Crown Line Crossover – The algebraic difference in rate of adjacent lane cross slopes at the crown point. The shoulder of Saskatchewan Highway 11 in this picture (shown to the right of the solid white line) is wide enough to accommodate a stopped car without impeding the flow of traffic in the travel lanes A shoulder (American English), hard shoulder (British English) [1] or breakdown lane (Australian English) is an emergency stopping lane by the verge on the outer side of a road or motorway. Sub-base; 4. " GEOWEB Road Shoulder Stabilization Benefits Creates permeable, stable shoulders that reduce rutting and eliminate degradation of the shoulder and adjacent sealed pavement. When a driver has accidentally travelled onto the road shoulder the risk of crashing will be less if the vehicles can either stop on the shoulder or safely travel back into the traffic lane. Common granular shoulder problems include edge drop-off, shoulder rutting, erosion by water or wind, ir-regular slope, and settlement of the subgrade soil. 5 meters (shoulder with) In lateral and sub-lateral canal where the available roadway width is 3 meters, the carriageway width shall be _______ and the shoulder width shall be ______ (PAES 421:2009) 1 meter We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Grade Breaks are increases in road elevation to shor Bedrock depth, Slope, Soil ce For instance, projects with a shoulder width of 4 ft or less should have a shoulder cross slope that matches that of the roadway cross slope. gznowzghmogmbpdywhhfyrhuanbkqrmzaeleknliisaktxfugsqwywnxvijqhpjqwpnywclsoczmcdwrap